China’s Approach to AI: Infrastructural Statecraft, Managed Pluralism

China’s artificial intelligence (AI) trajectory is often characterised as ‘frugal innovation’ (Waters 2025), ‘self-reliance’ (Wang et al. 2025), or a state-controlled approach to innovation and diffusion (Roberts et al. 2021). Many observers have focused on China’s AI policy and regulatory approach, portraying it as ‘vertical’ (as opposed to the ‘horizontal approach’ of the European Union’s […] The post China’s Approach to AI: Infrastructural Statecraft, Managed Pluralism appeared first on Made

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