Behind the Illusion of Equality: Deep-seated casteism and orthodoxy divided subcontinent’s Muslim communities

While Islam officially proclaims the equality of all believers, the reality on the ground across Bharat often tells a very different story, revealing deep-seated internal divisions that challenge the narrative of a monolithic community. Between 2009 and 2026, social and sectarian fractures have become increasingly visible, ranging from caste-based stratification – where Pasmanda (backward-caste) Muslims routinely face exclusion – to strict segregation within mosques and the outright denial of bu

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