EU minerals diplomacy in Africa stops at the mine gate

The EU has assembled an impressive toolkit for critical minerals engagement in Africa: 15 partnership agreements, 60 strategic project designations worldwide, a corridor strategy linking the Democratic Republic of Congo and Zambia to Angola’s Atlantic port, and a financing architecture that spans the European Investment Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and Global Gateway. The political commitment is genuine. The institutional density is real. However, the measure of su

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